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MARMARA REGION
The
Marmara Region is essentially the gate between Europe and Asia. A focal
passage point since antiquity it has seen the invasion of countless armies
and the establishment successive civilizations.
Istanbul
embraces two continents with one arm reaching out to Asia and the other to
Europe. Through the city's heart, the Bosporus, course the waters of the
Black Sea, the Sea of Marmara and the Golden Horn. The former capital of
three successive empires, Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman, Istanbul today
honors and preserves the legacy of its past while looking forward to a
modern future. It is Istanbul's endless variety that fascinates its
visitors. The museums, churches, palaces, grand mosques, bazaars and
sights of natural beauty seem innumerable.
İSTANBUL
Istanbul
embraces two continents, one arm reaching out to
Asia
, the
other to
Europe
. In
the city's heart, the Bosphorus strait, course the waters of the
Black
Sea
, the
Sea of
Marmara
and the
Golden
Horn
. The former capital of three successive empires- Roman, Byzantine
and Ottoman- today Istanbul honors and preserves the legacy of its past while looking forward
to its modern future.
Indeed it is
Istanbul
's
variety that fascinates its visitors. The museums, churches, palaces, great mosques, bazaars
and sights of natural beauty seem inexhaustible. As you recline on the shores of the Bosphorus
at sunset contemplating the red evening light reflected in the windows on the opposite shore
you understand, suddenly and profoundly, why so many centuries ago settlers chose to build on
this remarkable site. At times such as these, you feel that
Istanbul
is
truly one of the most glorious cities in the world.
PALACES
Topkapi
Palace
On a spot of land at the confluence of the Bosphorus, the
Golden Horn
and
the
Marmara
Sea
stands the
Topkapi
Palace
, the
maze of buildings at the center of the
Ottoman
Empire
between the 15th and 19 th centuries.
In these opulent surroundings the sultans and their court lived and
governed. A magnificent wooded garden fills the outer, or first, court. On the right of the
second court, shaded by cypress and plane trees, stand the palace kitchens, now galleries
exhibiting the imperial collection of crystal, silver and Chinese porcelain. To the left the
Harem, the secluded quarters of the wives, concubines and children of the sultan, charms
visitors with the echoes of the intrigue of centuries.
Today the third court holds the Hall of Audience, the Library of Ahmet III,
an exhibition of imperial costumes worn by the sultans and their families, the famous jewels
of the treasury and a priceless collection of miniatures from medieval manuscripts.
In the center of this innermost sanctuary, the Pavilion of the Holy Mantle
enshrines the relics of the Prophet Mohammed brought to
Istanbul
when
the Ottomans assumed the caliphate of Islam.
Now
Istanbul
's most popular museum, the palace is open every day
except Tuesday.
Dolmabahce
Palace
Built
in the mid-19th century by Sultan Abdülmecit I, the facade of
Dolmabahce
Palace
stretches for 600 meters along the European shore of the Bosphorus. The vast reception salon,
with 56 columns, and a huge crystal chandelier weighing four and a half tons and lit by 750
lights never fails to astonish visitors.
At one time, birds from all over the world were kept in the Bird Pavilion
for the delight of the palace's privileged residents. Atatürk, founder of the
Turkish
Republic
, died
in Dolmabahce on
the
10th November, 1938
.
Open
every day except Monday and Thursday.
Beylerbeyi
Palace
In the 19th century Sultan Abdülaziz built the
Beylerbeyi
Palace
, a
fantasy in white marble amid magnolia filled gardens, on the Bosphorus's Asian shore. Used as
the Sultan's summer residence and hunting lodge, it was offered to the most distinguished
foreign dignitaries during their visits. Empress Eugenie of
France
was
among its residents.
Open
every day except Monday and Thursday.
Yildiz
Palace
In addition to the State Pavilions at the
Yildiz
Palace
, the
compound includes a series of pavilions and a mosque. It was completed by Abdülhamit II at
the end of the 19th century. The
Sale
(chalet), the largest and most exquisite of the
buildings, reveals the luxury in which the Sultans lived and entertained. Set in a very large
park of flowers, plants and trees, gathered from every part of the world, the palace grounds
offer one of the most beautiful panoramic views of the Bosphorus. Because of restoration work, only the
Sale
and park are open to the public.
Open
every day except Monday and Thursday.
Göksu
Palace
The
Göksu
Palace
, also
known as Kücüksu, takes its name from the fresh water streams which debauch into the
Bosphorus near the tiny palace. Built by Abdülmecit I in the middle of the 19th century, it
was used as a summer residence.
Open
every day except Monday and Thursday.
Aynali Kavak
Summer Pavilion
Originally built in the 18th century and later restored by various sultans,
the
Aynali Kavak Summer Pavilion assumed its name, Mirrored Poplar, when its famed mirrors, a
gift from the Venetians, were installed in 1718.This palace on the
Golden
Horn
is one of the most beautiful examples of traditional Turkish
architecture.
Open every day except Monday and Thursday.
Ihlamur
Pavillion
The 19th century
Ihlamur Pavillion is named after the linden trees that grow in its gardens. Now in the
heart of metropolitan
Istanbul
, when
it was originally constructed the pavillion lay in the rolling countryside that surrounded the
city. The Merasim Pavillion was used for official ceremonies while the Maiyet Pavillion
sheltered the sultan's entourage and on occasions, his harem during their excursions out of
the palace confines.
Open
every day except Monday and Thursday.
Maslak
Pavilion
The
Maslak Pavilion on a shady green hill were conceived by Sultan Abdülaziz as hunting
lodges and are superb examples of the late 19th century Ottoman decorative style. The Limonluk
Green House is particularly noteworthy.
Open
every day except Monday and Thursday.
MOSQUES
Mosque
Etiquette
Most
overseas visitors know how they should behave in a mosque instinctively. However, having seen
tourists mimicing muslims at prayer, it is worth noting that there is an expected code of
conduct. It is always important to remember when visiting mosques, that they are places of
worship. Shoes cannot be worn inside for cleanliness reasons, and conservative dress codes are
normally required. In most mosques, women are requested to cover their heads.
Blue Mosque
Facing
St. Sophia stands the supremely elegant, six-minaret, imperial Sultanahmet Mosque. Built
between 1609 and 1616 by the architect Mehmet, the building is more familiarly known as the
Blue Mosque because its interior gleams with a magnificent panelling of blue and white
Iznik tiles. During the tourist season an evening light and sound show both entertains and
informs.
Süleymaniye
Mosque
The
cascading domes and four slender minarets of
Süleymaniye Mosque dominate the skyline on the
Golden Horn
's
west bank. Considered the most beautiful of all imperial mosques in
Istanbul
, it
was built between 1550 and 1557 by Sinan, the renowned architect of the Ottoman golden age. On
the crest of a hill, the building is conspicuous for its great size, which the four minarets
that rise from eachcorner of the courtyard emphasize.
Inside, the mihrab (prayer niche) and the mimber (pulpit) are of finely
carved white marble; fine stained glass windows color the incoming streams of light. It was
inthe gardens of this complex that Süleyman and his wife Hürrem Sultan had their mausolea
built, andnear here also that Sinan built his own tomb. The mosque complex also includes four
medrese, ortheological school of medicine, a caravanserai, a Turkish bath, and a kitchen and
hospice for the poor.
Rüstem Pasa
Mosque
Another
skillful accomplishment of the architect Sinan, the
Rüstem Pasa Mosque was built in 1561 on the orders of Rüstem Pasa, Grand Vizier and
son-in-law of Süleyman the Magnificent. Exquisite Iznik tiles panel the small and superbly
proportioned interior.
Fatih Mosque
The
imperial Fatih Mosque, constructed between 1463 and 1470, bears the name of
the Ottoman conqueror of
Istanbul
,
Fatih Sultan Mehmet, and is the site of his mausoleum. Standing atop another of
Istanbul
's
hills, its vast size and great complex of religious buildings-- medreses, hospices, baths, a
hospital, a caravanserai and a library-- make it well worth a visit.
Eyüp Mosque
The
great Mosque of Eyüp lies outside the city walls, near the
Golden
Horn
, at the supposed place where Eyüp, the standard bearer of the
Prophet Mohammed, died in the Islamic assault on
Constantinople
in
670. The first mosque built after the Ottoman conquest of the city, this greatly venerated
shrine attracts many pilgrims.
Yeni Mosque
Built
between 1597 and 1663, the Yeni (New) Mosque hovers over the harbor at Eminönü greeting the
incoming ferryboats and welcoming tourists to the old city. Today its graceful domes and
arches shelter hundreds of pigeons who make this area their home. Marvelous Iznik tiles
decorate the sultan's balcony.
Sokollu Mehmet
Pasa Mosque
The
16th century Sokollu Mehmet Pasa Mosque built in an awkwardly shaped plot on a steeply sloping
hill near Sultanahmet is one of the most beautiful examples of classical Turkish architecture
and a masterpiece of the architect Sinan. Inside, breathtaking blues, greens, purples and reds
color the elegant designs of the Iznik tiles.
Mihrimah
Sultan Mosque
Walls of glass fill the four immense arches that support the central dome
at the Mihrimah Sultan Mosque inside the
Edirne
gate of the old city walls. One hundred and
sixty-one windows illuminate this mosque, built by Sinan for Mihrimah Sultan, the daughter of
Süleyman the Magnificent, in 1555.
MUSEUMS
As
befits its position in history and popularity with tourists,
Istanbul
has a
wealth of museums from the famous to the obscure. Visitors to this magnificent city will find
themselves spoilt for choice.
The Basilica
of St. Sophia
Now
called the
Ayasofya
Museum
, this
is unquestionably one of the finest buildings of all time. Built by Constantine the Great and
reconstructed by Justinian in the 6th century, its immense dome rises 55 meters above the
ground and its diameter spans 31 meters. You should linger here to absorb the building's
majestic serenity and to admire the fine Byzantine mosaics.
Location: Sultan Ahmet District
Opening: Every day except Monday
The
Archaeological Museum
Located
just inside the first court of Topkapi Palace. The recently renovated
Archaeological
Museum
includes the celebrated Alexander Sarcophagus among its treasures of antiquity. Originally
created to showcase the archaeological treasures of the
Ottoman
empire
, it contains finds from the
Middle
East
and
North
Africa
in addition to
Anatolia
. The
Museum of the Ancient Orient displays artifacts from the Sumerian, Babylonian, Assyrian, Hatti
and Hittite civilizations.
Treasures from the world famous
Troy
(located in Canakkale), are displayed in the
museums largest exhibiton.
Location: Sultan Ahmet District
Opening: Every day except Monday
Museum
of
Turkish
Ceramics
Originally
built as a kösk or pavilion by Mehmet the Conqueror in the 15th century, the Cinili Kösk,
which houses the
Museum
of
Turkish Ceramics
,
contains beautiful Iznik wares from the 16th century and fine examples of Seljuk and Ottoman
pottery and tiles.
Open every day except Monday.
St.
Irene
Museum
Like
the Ayasofya museum, the
St.
Irene
Museum
was
originally a church. It ranks , in fact, as the first church built in
Istanbul
.
Constantine
commissioned it in the fourth century and Justinian later had the church restored. Reputedly
the building stands on the site of a pre-Christian
Temple
.
Location: Sultan Ahmet District
Opening: Every day except Monday
Museum
of
Turkish
and Islamic
art
The
dark stone building that houses the Museum was built in 1524 by Ibrahim Pasa, Grand Vizier to
Süleyman the Magnificent, as his residence. It was the grandest private residence ever built
in the
Ottoman
Empire
. Today it holds a superb collection of ceramics, metalwork,
miniatures, calligraphy, textiles, and woodwork as well as some of the oldest carpets in the
world.
Location: Sultan Ahmet District
Opening: Every day except Monday
Museum
of
Turkish
Carpets
Across
the street from the
Ibrahim
Pasha
Palace
is
the
Museum
of
Turkish Carpets
which
contains exquisite antique carpets and Kilims (rugs) gathered from all over
Turkey
.
Location: Sultan Ahmet District
Opening: Every day except Sunday & Monday
Yerebatan
Sarayi (Underground Cistern)
Near
St. Sophia is the sixth century Byzantine cistern known as the Yerebatan Sarayi. Three hundred
and thirty-five massive Corinthian columns support the immense chamber's fine brick vaulting.
Location: Sultan Ahmet District
Opening: Every day except Tuesday
The
Mosaic
Museum
The
Mosaic
Museum
preserves in situ exceptionally fine mosaic pavements of the fifth and sixth centuries which
remain from the
Great
Palace
of
the Byzantine emperors.
Location: Sultan Ahmet District
Opening: Every day except Monday
Kariye
Museum
The
11th century
church
of
St. Savior
in
Chora, the
Kariye
Museum
, is
after St. Sophia, the most important Byzantine monument in
Istanbul
.
Unremarkable in its architecture, inside , the walls are decorated with superb 14th century
frescoes and mosaics. Illustrating scenes from the life of Christ and the Virgin Mary, these
brilliantly colored paintings embody the vigor of Byzantine art. Restored wooden houses in the
area surrounding the church offer tea and coffee in a relaxed atmosphere far removed from the
city's hectic pace.
Location:
Edirne
Kapi
Opening: Every day except Tuesday
The
Aviation
Museum
Located
in Yesilköy, close to the airport, this museum traces the development of air flight in
Turkey
.
Location: Yesilköy
Opening: Every day except Monday
Military
Museum
The
great field tents used by the Ottoman Armies on campaigns are displayed in the
Military
Museum
.
Other exhibits include Ottoman weapons and the accoutrements of war. The Mehter Takimi (Ottoman
Military Band) perform Ottoman Marshal music between
3:00
and
4:00 p.m.
Location: Harbiye, close to
Taksim Square
.
Opening: Every day except Monday and Tuesday.
Atatürk
Museum
The
house in which Atatürk lived in Sisli now serves as the
Atatürk
Museum
and
displays his personal effects.
Location: Sisli.
Opening: Every day except Saturday and Sunday.
Naval Museum
In the
Besiktas district the
Naval
Museum
displays the great imperial caiques in which the sultans were rowed across the Bosphorus, as
well as many other interesting exhibits of Ottoman naval history.
Location: Besiktas, by the ferry
port.
Opening: Every day except Saturday and Sunday.
Museum
of
Fine Arts
Also
in Besiktas , the
Museum
of
Fine Arts
displays Turkish paintings and sculptures from the end of the 19th century to the present day.
Location: Besiktas, by the ferry
port.
Opening: Every day except Monday and Tuesday.
City
Museum
The
City
Museum
preserves and documents the history of
Istanbul
since
the Ottoman conquest.
Location:
Yildiz
Park
, near
Çirağan Palace Hotel
Opening: Every day except Thursday.
Sadberk
Hanim
Museum
A
private museum which originally displayed Turkish decorative arts, it has recently been
expanded with a new collection of archaeological finds.
Location:The
village
of
Büyükdere
on
the Bosphorus
Opening: Every day except Wednesday.
MONUMENTS
In
addition to the palaces, mosques, churches and museums,
Istanbul
's
skyline and road sides are adorned with an array of monuments to its special past.
These are the remains of the many spendid civilisations for which this city
is famous. The visitor will discover many of these almost by accident.
The Ahmet III
Fountain
Built
in 1729, the fountain stands at the entrance to
Topkapi
Palace
. Deep
overhanging eaves shade the water spouts where the parched could stop for a cup of refreshing
water. This highly ornate, free-standing fountain is a superb example of the late Ottoman
style.
Beyazit
Tower
Mahmut
II built the
Beyazit
Tower
(85
meters high) in 1828 as a fire tower. Today it stands within the grounds of
Istanbul
University
.
Although it is not open to the public, its height means that it very visible from many parts
of the city.
The Bozdogan-Valens
Aquaduct
Built
in 368 A.D. to supply the Byzantine and later the Ottoman palaces with water. Today part of
the remaining 900 meters of double-tiered arches straddle the major highway that runs through
the old part of town. Other parts of this system can be seen in
Belgrade
Forest
outside of the city.
The City Walls
These
walls, once an impenetrable fortification, stretch seven kilometers from the
Sea of
Marmara
to the
Golden
Horn
. Restored recently, and many times previously, these walls date
from the fifth century and the reign of Emperor Theodosius II. UNESCO has declared the land
walls, and the area which they enclose, to be one of the cultural heritages of the world. The
walls include the Yedi Kale (seven towers) fortress.
The
Galata
Tower
A
Genoese construction of 1348, rises 62 meters high over the
Golden
Horn
. From the top you see a marvelous panorama of the
Golden Horn
and
the Bosphorus. In the evening tourists enjoy its popular restaurant, night club and bar.
Rumeli Hisari
The
European Fortress, was built by Mehmet the Conqueror in 1452 prior to his capture of
Istanbul
.
Completed in only four months, it is one of the most beautiful works of military architecture
in the world. The castle is open to the public except on Mondays. In summer concerts are held
in the grounds.
Anadoluhisari
The
Anatolian Fortress is a 14th century relic of the Ottoman's first attempt to conquer
Istanbul
,
Anatolia Fortress is located on the Asian shore at the narrowest point of the Bosphorus.
Sultan Yildirim Bayezit built this fortress in 1393 on the ruins of a Byzantine
temple
of
Zeus
.
Leander's
Tower
Also
called Kiz Kulesi, this building is one of the romantic symbols of
Istanbul
.
First constructed in the 12th century on a tiny island at the entrance to
Istanbul
's
harbor, the present building dates from the 18th century.
BOSPHORUS
A stay
in
Istanbul
is
not complete without the traditional and unforgettable boat excursion up the, the winding
strait that separates
Europe
and
Asia
. Its
shores offer a delightful mixture of past and present, grand splendor and simple beauty.
Modern hotels stand next to yali ( shore-front wooden villas), marble palaces abut rustic
stone fortresses, and elegant compounds neighbor small fishing villages.
The best way to see the Bosphorus is to board one of the passenger boats
that regularly zigzag along the shores. You embark in Eminönü and stop alternately on the
Asian and European sides of the strait. The round trip excursion , at a very reasonable cost,
takes about six hours. If you wish a private voyage, you can contact one of the agencies which
specialize in organizing day or night mini-cruises.
During the journey you pass in front of the magnificent
Dolmabahce
Palace
;
farther along rise the green parks and imperial pavilions of
Yildiz
Palace
. On
the edge of this park, on the coast, stands the
Ciragan
Palace
now
restored as a grand hotel. Refurbished in 1874 by Sultan Abdülaziz, it stretches for 300
meters along the Bosphorus shore, its ornate marble facades reflecting the swiftly moving
water.
At Ortaköy, the next
stop, artists gather every Sunday to exhibit their works in a street side gallery. The variety
of people create a lively scene; sample a delicious bite from one of the street vendors.
Overshadowing the traditional architecture of the village,the
Bosphorus
Bridge
, one
of the world's largest suspension bridges, links
Europe
and
Asia
.
The beautiful
Beylerbeyi
Palace
lies
just past the bridge on the Asian side. Behind the palace rises Camlica Hill, the highest
point of Istanbul. You can drive here to admire the magnificent panorama of
Istanbul
as
well as the beautiful landscaped gardens.
On the opposite shore, the wooden Ottoman villas of Arnavutköy contrast
with the luxurious modern apartments of neighboring Bebek. A few kilometers farther out,
facing each other across the straits like sentries guarding the city, stand the fortresses of
Rumeli Hisari and Anadolu Hisari.
The
Göksu
Palace
,
sometimes known as
Kücüksu
Palace
graces the Asian shore next to the Anadolu Hisari. The recently completed second link between
the two continents, the
Fatih
Sultan
Mehmet
Bridge
straddles the waterway just past the two fortresses.
From Duatepe Hill, on the European side, you can admire the magnificent
panorama of the bridge and the Bosphorus. Below Duatepe, the beautiful
Emirgan
Park
with
its delightful pavilions bursts with color when the tulips bloom in the spring. Opposite on
the Asian shore is Kanlica, a fishing village now a favored suburb for wealthy Istanbulites.
Crowds gather in the restaurants and cafes along its shores to sample its famous yoghurt.
Shortly after Kanlica, at Cubuklu, the
Hidiv
Palace
emerges from a tranquil grove. Now a hotel, the palace buzzes with the activity of concerts
and conferences. Past the
Hidiv
Palace
, the
Beykoz Korusu (Abraham Pasa) Korusu Woods are a popular retreat. Complete with cafes and
restaurants you can enjoy the delightful views and clear fresh air. On the European side, at
Tarabya
Bay
,
yachts seem to dance at their moorings. The coast road bustles with taverns and fish
restaurants from Tarabya until the charming villages of Büyükdere and Sariyer. A little
further on the narrow strait widens and disappears into the
Black
Sea
.
The
Golden
Horn
, a horn-shaped estuary, divides European Istanbul. One of the best
natural harbors in the world, the Byzantine and Ottoman navies and commercial shipping
interests were centered here. Today, lovely parks and promenades line the shores. In the
setting sun, the water shines a golden color.
At Fener, a neighborhood midway up the
Golden Horn
, whole streets of old wooden houses and churches date from Byzantine times. The Orthodox
Patriarchy resides here. Eyüp, a little further up, reflects the Ottoman style of vernacular
architecture. Cemeteries sprinkled with dark cypress trees cover the hillsides. It is always
busy here with pilgrims coming to the tomb of Eyüp in the hope that their prayers will be
granted. The Pierre Loti Cafe atop the hill overlooking the shrine is a wonderful place to
enjoy the tranquility of the view.
A fast highway connects
Istanbul
with
Izmit,the capital of Kocaeli province. An important city in Roman times when it was known as
Nicomedeia, it is now a prosperous industrial center. The Saatci Efendi Konak, a restored
typical 18th-century
Ottoman
Mansion
, now
serves as the
Ethnological
Museum
.
Pismaniye, the local sweet , consists of thousands of thin layers of stretched sugar.
Hereke, west of Izmit, is a major carpet making center.
Renowned throughout the world for their beauty and quality, these carpets fetch the highest
prices in
Istanbul
's
bazaars. On the
Black
Sea
Coast
,
north of Izmit, particularly at Kerpe, Kefken and Kovanagzi, sandy beaches and comfortable
guest houses attract vacationers.
East of Izmit, Sakarya is the provincial capital of
Adapazari, an important agricultural and industrial region. The Sakarya (Sangarius) River
waters this fertile land which abounds with fruit trees and fields of vegetables.In the city
of
Adapazari
itself, the Atatürk and
Ethnographical
Museum
displays personal effects of the founder of the
Turkish
Republic
as
well as regional artifacts. The
Besköprü
Bridge
,
built by the ByzantineEmperor Justinian in 553, stretches for 429 meters across the river.
Eight arches connect the two shores.
A few kilometers away at
lake
Sapanca
,
quiet restaurants, hotels, and summer residences line the lakeshore. Istanbulites escape to
this retreat in the
Saman
Mountain
basin
throughout the year. The
Arifiye
Forest
on
the highlands of
Lake
Sapanca
, has
nice camping and picnic areas and an excellent panoramic view of the lake below.
The
Akgöl
Lake
lies
just inland from the Black Sea Karasu holiday center; both places offer scenic surroundings.
At Tarakli you can wander though a town that preserves many of its old buildings.
The
province
of
Bilecik
lies
southeast of Iznik in the verdant and fertile
Sakarya
River
valley. In the old quarter of the city stands the mausoleum of Seyh Edebali, who was an
important influence in the founding of the
Ottoman
Empire
. Every September, a commemorative ceremony and a culture festival
are held here in his honour. The Orhan Gazi Mosque is near his tomb.
Set amid the numerous willows which give Sögüt its
name, a detour to this town is well worth the effort. The migrating Kayi Turks first settled
here, and the tomb of their leader Ertugrul Gazi stands in the town. In September a
commemorative ceremony is held in his honor. Other tourist attractions include the life-size
busts of famous figures from Turkish history and the
Ethnographical
Museum
which
traces, through its displays, the history of
Turkey
.
Formerly known as
Nicaea
, Iznik lies at the eastern tip of
Lake
Iznik
,
south of Izmit. Originally an important Roman and Byzantine town, it fell to the Seljuks in
1078 and subsequently to the Ottomans in 1331. Still a small town it does not seem to have
exceeded its original Roman walls. The four gates which allowed access to the city still stand.
In the town center the ruins of the St. Sophia Cathedral, the seat of the first Ecumenical
Council of 325, evoke images of convening bishops and clergy. In the 16th and 17th centuries,
Iznik was the center of the production of the exquisite ceramic wares which have made such an
important decorative contribution to mosques and palaces throughout
Turkey
. A
museum displays the finds from the nearby excavations. Among the important Islamic buildings
in town, be sure to visit the turquoise tiled Yesil Mosque and the Nilüfer Hatun Imareti.
After exploring the sights, the lakeside fish restaurants provide delicious food and a
relaxing atmosphere.
Yenisehir, on the road to
Bursa
, is filled with many intersting and lovely old
Turkish houses. The 18th-century
Semaki
Mansion
, now
restored as a museum, welcomes visitors.
Bursa
The city of
Bursa
, southeast of the
Sea of
Marmara
, lies on the lower slopes of Uludag (
Mt.
Olympos
of
Mysia
,2443
meters). The city derives its name from its founder Prusias, King of Bithynia. It subsequently
came under Roman, then Byzantine rule before falling to Osman Bey in 1326 becoming the first
capital of the
Ottoman
Empire
. Many important Ottoman buildings remain.
Known as "Green Bursa", the city is filled
with gardens and parks and overlooks a verdant plain. It is at the center of an important
fruit growing region.
Bursa
was, and is still, famous for its silk trade,
towel manufacture and thermal springs. You must taste locally invented Iskender Kebap, a dish
of bread, tomato sauce, strips of grilled meat, melted butter and yoghurt. Candied chestnuts
are another regional speciality.
A tour of the city begins in the eastern section at the
Yesil Türbe (Green Mausoleum). Set in a garden and distinguished by its paneling of blue
tiles, the mausoleum holds the tiled cenotaph of Sultan Mehmet I. Across the street, the Yesil
of 1424 reflects the new Ottoman , as opposed to Seljuk, aesthetic. A medrese nearby completes
the complex which is also home to the
Ethnographical
Museum
.
Before exploring this area, stop for a glass of tea in one of the traditional tea houses.
Uphill, to the east, you pass by the Emir Sultan Mosque in its delightful setting, and after
walking through a district of old houses you reach the Yildirim Beyazit(1391).
Now make your way to
Cumhuriyet Square
(known
locally as Heykel) and stroll along
Atatürk Avenue
to
Koza
Park
where
outdoor cafes are set among flowers and fountains. At the back of the park, a long building,
the Koza Han (1490), houses the trade in silk cocoons. From here you proceed to the covered
bazaar area, with its narrow streets, caravanserais and bedesten. On the other side of
Koza
Park
stands the Orhan Gazi Mosque built in 1413 and one of
Bursa
's oldest religious buildings. Nearby the large
Ulu Mosque was constructed in the Seljuk style. A finely carved walnut mimber and impressive
calligraphic panels decorate the mosque. The Sadirvan (ablutions fountain) lies unusually
within the mosque itself under the ceiling of twenty domes.
Walking west from the Ulu Mosque you arrive at Hisar,
an old and picturesque quarter of
Bursa
. In the park that overlooks the valley are the
mausoleums of Osman, the founder of the
Ottoman
Empire
, and his son Orhan Gazi who commanded the army that conquered
Bursa
. The
cafes of Tophane offer a good place to stop for refreshment. Nearby in Ressamlar Sokak (Artists'
Street) local artists work in the open air.
At the Yildiz Park Tea Gardens in the Muradiye quarter,
you get a superb view of the Muradiye Complex. The compound, in a tranquil park-like setting,
contains the Mosque of Sultan Murat II (1426) built in the style ogf the Yesil Mosque and the
tombs of Murat II, Cem and Sehzade Mustafa. These contain some of the loveliest decoration and
tile-work. The nearby
Ottoman
House
Museum
in a
restored 17th century dwelling provides an interesting glimpse into the lives of wealthy
Ottomans.
Other places of interest in
Bursa
include the
Culture
Park
with
the
Bursa
Archaeological
Museum
, and
the
Atatürk
Museum
on
the road to Cekirge.
The western suburb of Cekirge has been known since
Roman times for its warm, mineral-rich springs. Many modern hotels have thermal bath
facilities and you can also visit the old hamams. Yeni Kaplica (New Spring) was built by Süleyman
the Magnificent's Grand Vizier, Rüstem Pasha, in 1552. The Eski Kaplica (Old Spring), built
on the site of the original Byzantine baths, is the oldest bath. The Karamustafa Pasha baths
are reputed to have the best hot mineral waters in
Bursa
. Buildings of interest in Cekirge include the
Mosque and Mausoleum of Murat I and the tomb of Süleyman Celebi, a religious poet. The
monument to Karagöz commemorates the character whose humorous antics are immortalized in
Turkish shadow puppet theater.
Uludag is the largest winter sports center in
Turkey
and
offers a variety of activities, accommodation and entertainment. Thirty-six kilometers from
Bursa
, the
slopes are easily reached by car or cable car ( teleferik). December to May are the best
months for skiing, although the area, which is a national park, is well worth a visit at any
time of the year for the lovely views and wonderful fresh air.
A seaside resort town 25 km from
Bursa
, Mudanya's fine fish restaurants and nightclubs
are popular with the residents of
Bursa
. Th Armistice Museum is worth a visit. Just 12
km from Mudanya, Zeytinbagi (Tirilye) exemplifies the architecture and layout of a typical
Turkish town.
The
Gulf
of
Gemlik
, 29
km from
Bursa
has
wide sandy beaches; Armutlu and Kumla are the favorites.
Balikesir
The
province
of
Balikesir
borders both the Marmara and
Aegean
regions. In the capital of Balikesir, nature and interesting historical sites blend in
harmony. The mid-14th century Yildirim Mosque, built by Beyazit I, is the city's oldest
mosque. Of Zagnos Pasa Mosque, built in 1461 by Mehmet the Conqueror's Grand Vizier Zagnos
Pasa, once part of a great complex, only the mosque and bath remain today. The Saat Kulesi
(Clock Tower) built in 1827 by Mehmet Pasa imitates the Genoese Galata Tower on a smaller
scale. The Karesi Bey Mausoleum of 1336 contains the cenotaphs of Karasi Bey and his five
sons.
The beautiful Degirmen Bogazi , an area ten kilometers
from Balikesir towards
Bursa
lies between two hills. Families flock to this
scenic spot and its restaurants during weekends and holidays. At Karakol village,
photographers can capture the three picturesque windmills on film. Ancient Penderamus, now
called Bandirma, is today an important commercial and industrial harbor second only to
Istanbul
. You
can spend a pleasant afternoon in the town's restaurants and cafes. Belkis (Kyzikos) lies ten
kilometers west of Bandirma. In this ancient city on the
Kapidag
Peninsula
's
isthmus, the
Temple
of
Hadrian
, a
theater and aquaducts still stand, captivating visitors.
The
Kuscenneti
National Park
near
Lake
Manyas
is an
ornithological site where 239 different species of birds flourish. Every year over three
million birds fly through this preserve. April and May are the best months to enjoy the
wildlife. Thirteen kilometers southeast of Bandirma in Karacabey, horse farms breed
magnificent specimens of this beloved animal.
Once known as ancient Erteka, Erdek is just 14 km
northwest of Bandirma. One of the
Sea of
Marmara
's oldest and most famous resort areas, it offers
pristine beaches and every type of accommodation.
Marmara
Island
,
formerly known as Prokonessos, rose to prominence in the Roman period and retained its
importance in the Byzantine and Ottoman periods, because of its marble quarries, which
supplied the luxurious stone for the extravagant imperial building programs. Near Saraylar
village,
Marble
Beach
derives its name from the natural marble that lies just off the water's edge. In town, an
open-air museum displays artifacts which date back to Roman and Byzantine times, and the
marble quarry, where tourists can see every step of the quarrying process.
Türkeli (Avsa) is another holiday island that boasts
of spectacular beaches and clear water as well as famous vineyards and and wine cellars. In
the Manastir district stands the Byzantine Meryem Ana Monestery.
Fifty-five kilometers southwest of Bandirma, Gönen is
Turkey
's
most important thermal resort. The springs were used even in Roman times and a fifth-century
mosaic remains from what was originally a Roman bath. These waters come from 500 meters below
the ground and emerge heated at approximately 82C. Another 30 km to the northwest, Denizkent
is a nice vacation spot with lovely beaches.
Sindirgi lies at the base of the
Alacam
Mountains
amid
beautiful forests and meadows in a region known for the weaving of superb Turkish carpets. The
rugs of Yagcibedir are among the most prized in the country and grow more lovely the older
they become.
Around the
Gulf
of
Edremit
, also
in Balikesir province, are some of the most beautiful coastlines in the country where the
clear waters meet sandy beaches encircled by the silvery green of olive groves. Ayvalik,
Burhaniye, Ören, Edremit, Akcay, and Altinoluk are all holiday towns which attract
vacationers interested in a relaxing holiday, with beautiful scenery, and a wealth of
historical and archaeological sites.
The Canakkale Bogazi is an ideal vacation spot, lined
with bays and beaches of the
Gelibolu
Peninsula
on
the European side, and the larger
Biga
Peninsula
on
the Asian side. The city of
Canakkale
lends
its name to the straits that connect the
Sea of
Marmara
to the
Aegean
and
whose shores touch both
Europe
and
Asia
.
Familiar historical names associated with this area include
Troy
, Neandria, Alexandria Troas, assos, Chryse,
Dardanos and Lampsakos. In 1915, Mustafa Kemal, commander of the Turkish army, led a
successful campaign to drive out the Allied Powers from the area.
To honor the 500,000 soldiers who gave their lives on
Gelibolu, or Galliopoli, this peninsula is now a National Park, and includes memorial
monuments, the Ariburnu Cliffs and Tuz Gölü.
The town of
Biga
has lent its name to its whole peninsula. A
town of parks, it is a good place to see houses built in a traditional style. The closest
beaches are at Karabiga and Kemer, where you will find reasonably prices accommodations.
Karabiga was known in ancient times as Priapos, after the god, and thus has cult and fertility
associations. Can is well known for its ceramics and sulphur springs, said to be helpful in
various disorders of the liver, intestine, and urinary tract. There are two other
hot springs
at
nearby Külcüler and Kirazli.
On the opposite northern shore of the
Sea of Marmara
,
Tekirdag is an commercial harbor. From both sides of this modern city of lovely promenades
stretch beautiful sandy beaches. A happy mixture of sunflower fields and vineyards cover the
surrounding area. The most important architectural monument is the Sinan designed Rüstem
Pasha Mosque, built by Suleyman the Magnificent's Grand Vizier in 1554. The Archaeological and
Ethnographical
Museum
displays an extensive collection of artifacts from the area. The
Rakoczy
Museum
occupies the house where the Hungarian prince , Rakoczy Ferench II (1676-1735), who fought for
his people's liberation, lived out the last years of his life. The Namik Kemal Memorial
(1840-1888) honors the birthplace of the Turkish National Poet. Sixty kilometers west of
Tekirdag, the holiday center of Sarköy, and Mürefte is a renowned winetasting region;
beautiful vineyards cover the entire area, and the city hosts a wine festival every year.
Edirne
North of Tekirdag on the border between
Greece
and
Turkey
,
Edirne
was
for some years the Ottoman capital, and in the 18th century one of the seven largest cities in
Europe
. On a
verdant plain of poplar trees near the junction of the Tunca and
Meric
Rivers
, this
graceful historical city welcomes visitors as they make their way to
Istanbul
and
other points east. The people of the Edirne Area trace their origins beyond the rule of the
Macedonians. The Roman emperor Hadrian rebuilt the city and renamed it Hadrianople after
himself. With the division of the
Roman
Empire
, the Byzantines claimed
Edirne
and in 1361 Sultan Murat I added it to his
empire.
Its position for almost 100 years as capital of the
Ottoman Empire
accounts for its many historically and architecturally important buildings. With its mosques,
religious complexes, bridges, old bazaars, caravanserais and palaces,
Edirne
is a
living museum.
The
Selimiye Mosque is the city's focal point.
Occupying the top of a hill, Sinan's design reflects the classical Ottoman style. Built on the
orders of Sultan Selim II, (1569-1575) it testifies to the technological abilities of the day
and the genius of the Ottoman's master architect.
Built between 1403 and 1414 by Mehmet I, the Eski
Mosque is the oldest Ottoman structure in
Edirne
. The white marble of the portal contrasts with
the building's cut stone and brick masonry. Calligraphic inscriptions of Koranic verses
decorate the interior.
The Üc Serefeli Mosque, built between 1438 and 1447 by
Murat I, presages the great period of Ottoman mosque architecture under Sinan and embodies
both a new freedom from restraint and advances in engineering. The northwest minaret has three
galleries, hence the mosque's name and was the highest minaret until those of the Selimiye
Mosque eclipsed it.
Towards the end of the 15th century, Beyazit II
commissioned the architect Hayrettin to build him a complex in
Edirne
which
includes a mosque, Darüssifa (hospital), medrese, kitchen and store rooms. The mosque is
square in plan and covered with a deep dome; over 100 domes roof the remainder. The most
important of the other buildings is the Darüssifa which stood out in its time as a modern
hospital with a unique and humane architectural design.
Little has changed in the Kaleici section of
Edirne
since
the Middle Ages. Narrow streets lined with houses wind through the area. The number of small
restaurants and cafes reflect the district's renaissance.
Sinan built several of the famous baths in
Edirne
including the Sokullu, Tahtakale, Mezit Bey, Beylerbeyi and Gazi Mihal hamams. His work is
also seen in the Ahmet Pasha Caravanserai and the Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai of 1561. The
latter has been renovated and serves as a charming hotel. The old bedesten of the early 15th
century still functions as
Edirne
's main market. As you drive around the area you
will notice many lovely Ottoman bridges gracing the Tunca and
Meric
Rivers
.
Edirne
has
retained many of its colorful traditions and customs. Every summer where the
Tunca
River
divides an emerald green meadow is created called Sarayici, where the Kirkpinar Greased
Wrestling Contests are held. Shiny, slippery bodies grapple to determine who will emerge as
champion.
As you walk through the city and peer into the corners
of the grocery stores, you see blocks of white feta cheese, a local speciality. Hardaliye,
another of the city's delicacies, is a grape drink mixed with mustard and marzipan. Scented
soaps, earthenware pots and straw baskets from
Edirne
make
good souvenirs. You will find it difficult to resist the beautiful embroidery work of the
local women.
The Archaeological and
Ethnographical
Museum
traces the history of the area from prehistoric to Byzantine times and exhibits clothing from
the late Ottoman period. At the Turkish Islamic Art Museum examples of Ottoman architectural
details, calligraphy, manuscripts, Korans, weapons, glass and an imperial tent used on
military campaigns are displayed.
On the way to the
Saroz
Gulf
in
the
Aegean
Sea
, you can stop at Uzunköprü to see an interesting bridge spanning
the
Ergene
River
,
built by Murat II in 1444. Its 174 arches , the highest of which is 12.28 meters, make up its
1354 meter length. The mild climate and beautiful surroundings on the
Saroz
Gulf
invite holiday makers for a break of relaxation. On the northern point of the gulf are the
lovely Ibrice and Erikli beaches. Here or in
Edirne
, the hotel and guest-house facilities are
plentiful and reasonably priced.
The Yildiz (Istranca) Mountains divide the
province
of
Kirklareli
. Lush
mountainous landscape dotted with quaint houses transports you to an idyllic and tranquil
frame of mind. The city of
Kirklareli
's
oldest mosque, the Hizir Bey Mosque, was built in 1388. Nearby stands a hamam also built under
Hizir Bey's patronage. The 14th-century Kirklar Memorial with its impressive 18 columns stands
on Kirklar Hill honoring the site where 40 soldiers lost their lives when the Ottomans
conquered this area under the command of Murat I.
Kirklareli's
Black Sea
Coast
is
another place to enjoy beaches and good fish restaurants . Igneada, 98 km east of Kirklareli,
lies squeezed between its sandy shores and the
Yildiz
Mountains
.
Kiyiköy is another holiday resort town with good accommodation.
The Sokollu Mosque in Lüleburgaz, on the
Edirne-Istanbul road, is an exquisite work of Sinan's that dates from 1570. The neighboring
town of
Babaeski
also
boasts a Sinan building in the Ali Pasha Mosque.
If you are travelling north to
Bulgaria
, linger for a few hours at the peaceful and
green town of
Dereköy
, the last stop before the border.
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